Related Parenting Patterns with Smartphone Use in Children Aged 4-5 Years

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Introduction
In this pandemic era, interaction with the social environment cannot be done as freely as before.This makes the smartphone a way out, which is used as a means of communication and information.However, if we look deeper, the phenomenon of smartphone use in this pandemic era seems to have contributed to the development of children's behavior.
The COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia, which has an effect on online learning, has caused the minimum age for using social media to drop to six years (M.Indonesia, 2021).However, this is different from the information provided by the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection, where the age for using a device is when a child turns 13 years old (Tirto, 2021).
On the other hand, the factor that causes underage smartphone use is the parenting style of parents who give their children a smartphone so that children don't cry and annoy their parents.However, parents are less aware of the impact of smartphones on minors if they are used excessively (A. Annisa, et al, 2019).
Parenting patterns that are commonly applied include protective, demanding, dominant, indulgent, permissive, rejective, critical, and inconsistent (Soetjiningsih, 2015).Protective parenting patterns make children timid, not confident, worried, doubtful, and not independent, and if the child rebels, he will do all the prohibitions from his parents.
Prosecutor's parenting pattern: if the child fails to meet the demands of the parents, the child will experience frustration followed by guilt and sin, and if the child rebels, he will deliberately fail himself.parents who are starting to get restless with their children's condition at home.There are no activities outside the home, including learning activities at school.It is unavoidable that the consequences of parenting greatly affect the growth and development of children.
On the other hand, smartphones are already very attached and have become a necessity in society in the current pandemic era.Without realizing it, smartphones have impacted the next generation of the nation.Sari, 2019 revealed that there is a positive impact of smartphones on children's development, but according to Widya (2020), there is a negative impact on children who are addicted to smartphone use.
Smartphones have become very attached and have become a necessity in society in the current pandemic era.Without realizing it, smartphones have impacted the next generation of the nation.revealing that there is a positive impact of smartphones on child development (M. Sari, 2019).But there is a negative impact on children who are addicted to smartphone use (R. Widya, 2020).
The use of cell phones (HP) in the East Java area for ages 5 and over is 76.56%, while those who have cell phones (HP) are 61.82%.As for the age group of 5 years and older who use a computer (PC/desktop, laptop/notebook, tablet), as much as 13.66% do so.Percentage of children aged 5 and over accessing the internet (including Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp) is 53.49% (B.P. Statistik, 2020).
Parents play an important role in the development of early childhood communication, especially with children under the age of five.One of the efforts of parents in providing education for children in the family in this digital era is to provide assistance in the use of technology for children (T.Alia and Irwansyah, 2018).
Through this assistance, parents can supervise children and direct positive content for children to use technological advances appropriately in accordance with the child's growth and development period.So the purpose of this study is "to find out the relationship between parenting patterns and smartphone use in children aged 4-5 years in Zainul Hasan Genggong Kindergarten."

Method
The methodology that will be used in this research is cross-sectional.The sampling technique used is purposive sampling and meets the inclusion and exclusion criteria that have been determined by the researcher.In this study, the data scale used on the four independent variables was ordinal and Related Parenting Patterns with Smartphone Use in Children Aged 4-5 Years interval, and the dependent variable data scale was ordinal.with a p value 0.05.

Source: Primary Data 2022
Based on the pattern in Table 1, the parenting patterns that are applied are democratic by 21 parents (52.5%), authoritarian by 12 parents (30%), and permissive by 7 parents (7.5%).In line with previous research, parenting is a behavior of providing care with certain content and has a purpose for the socialization of children (S.Suryandari.2020).
The form of parenting practice can be conceptualized as an orderly and stagnant interaction starting from monitoring, managing behavior, and social cognition, with the quality of the relationship between parents and children as the foundation.Parenting as applied by parents can provide effective and less effective parenting styles to provide teaching and encourage children to develop more social attitudes (S. A. Johnson, 2016).
The most important thing in the formation of a child's personality is the parenting applied by parents in a family.A parenting style provided by parents can educate, guide, provide direction, enting applied by parents in a family.
A parenting style provided by parents can educate, guide, provide direction, monitor, and supervise children's daily actions so that they do not take actions that cause negative things or harm them.
In table 1, data on smartphone use in children aged 4-5 years out of 40 children obtained 15 children (37.5%) using smart phones with low time categories, namely 1-3 hours/day, 10 children (25%) using smart phones with medium time categories, namely 4-6 hours/day, and 15 children (37.5%) using smart phones with high time categories, namely > 9 hours/day.
The development of smartphones has provided changes that are not only felt by adults but also bring about changes in children.In line with previous studies, which showed that the greater the level of parents' evaluation of their children's smartphone use, the lower the influence of smartphone addiction tendencies in children on problematic behavior (K.-S.Cho and Jae-MooLe., 2017).
In addition, the social impact generated by children using gadgets is especially detrimental to the development of children's social interaction behaviors.From the aspect of social development, children who use gadgets are mostly seen as passive in socializing with peers; they are more fun and more interested in their gadgets, and their motor activities are very minimal (M.Nasution, 2018).
Excessive use of smartphones in children does not have an impact at that Related Parenting Patterns with Smartphone Use in Children Aged 4-5 Years time but will have an impact later, when everything will be sustainable, such as children's motor activities being minimal and their social activities being reduced, so that children's awareness levels will also decrease.The long-term use of smartphones has a big impact on the eyes, which will lead to decreased vision in children from an early age.The results of the analysis that been carried out on 40 respondents, who are parents of children who use smartphones, show a strong relationship between parenting patterns and the use of smartphones in children aged 4-5 years, with a Spearman correlation value of 0.045 0.05.
The results of this study are in line with the statement that permissive parenting tends to let children be less concerned about the development and behavior of their children (R. Pangastuti, 2017).supported by research that has been done where parenting patterns determine the child's attitude and behavior.Authoritarian and permissive parenting patterns where there is bad parenting, such as weak supervision, inconsistent levels of discipline, weak parent-child bonds, and neglect of children's rights and safety, are not noticed (S. A. Johnson, 2016).
The role of parents in providing parenting to children is an effort that must be made to educate children so that children obey the rules that are applied when they are in their surrounding environment and can improve children's achievements.When parents are wrong in how they apply parenting to their children, the impact will be felt by the child in the future and will cause failure in the child.
If inappropriate parenting continues to be applied to children, especially on the use of smartphones, the use of smartphones that are not controlled in children will have an impact on children's decreased vision, the development of children's social interactions that do not work where children are more happy with their smartphones, and the application of discipline in fewer children so that children cannot use their time well.Supervision and guidance on responsibilities are carried out fairly.
Parents also direct children's activities rationally, highly respect children's interests, and encourage children's decisions to be independent.But parents remain firm and consistent in setting standards and, if necessary, use punishment as an effort to show children the consistency of a form of violation and the application of rational punishment.Parents need to apply appropriate parenting styles for children in order to make them feel loved, protected, and treated well so that they tend to be positive.

Conclusion
There is a relationship between parenting and smartphone use in children aged 4-5 years at Zainul Hasan Genggong Kindergarten in Probolinggo, with a